Y茶^_^壶Y

阅读部分

　　第一部分 长难句的理解

　　长难句的明显特点就是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句子就是一段。许多应试者在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中，不知道它到底讲了些什么。



长难句之所以长，主要有下面几个原因：

　　1. 从句较长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。

　　应对方法：首先找到主句的主体部分（即主语、谓语和宾语），再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。

　　2. 插入成分较长：插入语的出现有明显标志：用双破折号与主句隔开或者用双逗号与主句隔开。

　　应对方法：读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。

　　例如： Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off.

　　这个句子的阅读顺序应该是：第一层stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二层是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看两个插入的部分among other things和surprise!

　　3. 分词状语、独立主格结构的干扰：分词状语就是指用doing或done引导的伴随状语、原因状语等；独立主格结构有时由with引导，看似主谓结构，但实际上并没有真正的谓语部分。

　　应对方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。

　　在实际的阅读过程中，我们常常会碰到包含上面三种情况的超复杂句子，即：一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分，还有分词状语或者独立主格结构。阅读这种句子的正确方法是：抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词（有时无连接词）区分主句和从句，层层理解，插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。

　　以下附上一些热点的难句链接，供大家练习参考：

　　1 The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights that are used for improving a product's market position.

　　2 A study of drugstore（杂货店）and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles, and tins are in use at the same time and, as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation.

　　3 Dying patients especially ---who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark---can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should sped their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and leave.

　　4 I think that after I spent my time under water, the most important thing that I came back with was the realization that it is now possible for men to live permanently where once they could not even venture for a second, and this is of tremendous importance because if you realize what it means that advancing technology now has peeled off a layer of ocean water 200meters thick and it opens up vast new lands and resources and knowledge which is only 200meters away and which has been there waiting for us for centuries.

　　5 The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound, two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc.

　　第二部分 内在逻辑关系理解

　　一篇文章各段落之间及各句子之间都存在着一定的逻辑关系，正确理解这种逻辑关系有助于考生做出快速而准确的选择，提高做题的正确率。这种类型的考题主要是考查考生对文章逻辑结构的理解，要求考生综合运用各方面的知识——如：语法、词汇、语感、逻辑结构等——进行分析判断。只理解个别句子的含义是远远不够的，还必须把上、下文的意思联系起来，弄清前后句之间、各段落之间的逻辑关系，从语篇的角度上对文章进行整体性的理解、分析、判断。

　　常见的连接词和过渡词能表征上下文内在逻辑关系：

　　1 前后意思一致：in other words, that is to say, namely, this means…, likewise

　　2 并列平行：and, or, also, too, besides, another

　　3 递进：in addition to, adding to, moreover, furthermore

　　4 强对比：unlike, differ from, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely

　　5 强转折：but, yet, however, in fact, practically, virtually, indeed

　　6 让步：（al）though, despite, in spite of, while

　　7 因果：because, why, reason, and, due to, owing to, thus, by, since, consequence

　　8 重要性：the most, chiefly, prime, have much to do with, I submit,

　　9 指代关系：it, this, that, those, these, one, so

　　 常见的标点符号能表征上下文内在逻辑关系：

　　1 句号：分割句子

　　2 逗号：补充说明成分（非限定性定语从句，同位语从句，独立主格结构）

　　3 冒号：从抽象到具体的关系

　　4 分号：并列平行关系（结构，语义）

　　5 破折号：解释说明

　　6 引号：引用；反语；强调

　　7 括号：补充说明成分（解释超纲单词）

　　 四六级考试文章基本逻辑框架结构：

　　金字塔式的逻辑结构

　　中文写作习惯：写故事（writing stories）

　　英语写作习惯：从后面/结论写起（writing back words）

　　 文章结构：中心议题——塔尖 A

　　 若干个分论点——塔身 A A A

　　 各分论点的具体论证——塔尖 AAA AAA AAA

　　出题规则：设置文章理解障碍——在文章当中插入复杂句式和难词

　　 设计干扰选项

　　举例英语的写作：

　　I hate you.

　　Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 3

　　你讲我的坏话 生日送我破卡片 抢我女朋友

　　

　　例证 强对比 因果

　　张三说： 张三送宝马 因为“朋友妻，不可欺”

　　李四说： 李四送郊区别墅 所以禽兽不如

　　第三部分 常考题型解题方法概述

　　* 细节事实题：

　　1 标志：fact, truth, 中心词，因果关系的小词

　　2 根据题干中的中心词返回原文定位

　　3 经常考察的是对原文中一些细节性，具体信息的理解，因此一定要精确理解原文

　　4 正确选项应与原文同义表达

　　5 诱惑手段：单词替换，因果颠倒，扩大范围，无中生有，以偏概全，张冠李戴

　　* 推理题

　　1 标志：infer, imply, suggest

　　2 应该每个选项都返回原文，找出出处

　　 明显：同义替换（逆否命题，正话反说，深层次）

　　 含蓄：主旨，段首句，全文末句（新），引用，强对比

　　3 与原文意思最接近，推理步骤最少的为正确答案

　　4 傻子原则：除了文章，把自己当成一个一无所知的傻子。（不利用自己的背景知识来做题）

　　* 主旨题

　　1 标志：mainly about; best title; purpose (文章的主题+作者写作手法或者态度)

　　2 确定文章主题

　　文章找主题句的方法

　　分类：单段式，多段式/ 顺承式，转折式

　　方法：单段顺承：全文首句

　　 单段转折：第二、三句

　　多段顺承：首段前三句

　　多段转折：首段末句，第二段首句，末段首句

　　四六级考试的特点：全文首句：有重要性概念（下定义，作结论）

　　 首段末句：强转折，设问句（问题不是主题，答案才是）

　　 段首句：vary, 判断句，suggest/show that

　　 层层推进：重复出现的词，引号，黑体字

　　3 叠加法：把每一段主题叠加在一起就是整篇文章的主题

　　4 三大原则：文章的中心词或其同义词必须出现

　　文章的任何细节不能出现

　　文章中未提及的信息不能出现

　　5 小心首末段陷阱

　　第四部分 阅读理解文章分类

　　*按题材来分：

　　1 社会科学：教育学，经济学，信息科学，电脑网络

　　2 自然科学：环境保护（每年考一篇），新能源的利用

　　3 人文科学：社会关系，风土人情，社会生活

　　*按体裁来分：

　　1 以议论文和说明文为主，排斥叙述文

　　2 三种文章基本框架结构

　　 叙述文：引子---先前---随后---总结

　　 说明文：引子---浅层次---深层次---总结

　　 议论文：主张---反主张

　　* 总结：

　　1 排斥叙述文，提示信息多，不便于命题

　　2 不选取专业性强的文章

　　3 与时事相关，但没有时效性

　　4 推荐杂志：读者文摘 www.rd.com; 听众 www.listener.co.nz

　　

Y茶^_^壶Y

第五部分 真题分析

　　Passage 1

　　 Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we “fit” in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is thief or a meter reader, and so on.

　　 The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.

　　 A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume（服装）of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook（钱包）. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.

　　51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us ________.

　　 A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain job

　　 B) behave appropriately in relation to other people

　　 C) protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations

　　 D) make friends with other people

　　52. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses ________.

　　 A) in order to identify themselves with others

　　 B) in order to better identify others

　　 C) as their mental processes change

　　 D) as the situation changes

　　53. The word “appraisal” (Line 5, Para.2) most probably means “__________”.

　　 A) involvement B) appreciation C) assessment D) presentation

　　54. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it” refers to “________”.

　　 A) fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately

　　 B) identification of other people’s statuses

　　 C) selecting one’s own statuses

　　 D) constant mental process

　　55. By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince” (Line 2-3, Para.3), the writer means ________.

　　 A) different people have different styles of clothes

　　 B) ready-made clothes may need alterations

　　 C) statuses come ready made just like clothes

　　 D) our choice of statuses is limited

　　Passage 2

　　Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information why do commercials sound so loud?

　　The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.

　　Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (听觉的) impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants (辅音) are used, because people are more aware of consonants than vowel (元音) sounds. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer a attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.

　　The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to-two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.

　　1. According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials _______.

　　A) does not exceed that of programs.

　　B) is greater than that of programs.

　　C) varies over a large range than that of programs.

　　D) is less than that of programs.

　　2. Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______.

　　A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels.

　　B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels.

　　C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges.

　　D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range.

　　3. Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because ________.

　　A) pop songs attract viewer attention.

　　B) it can increase their loudness.

　　C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs.

　　D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials.

　　4. One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that ________.

　　A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact.

　　B) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality.

　　C) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary message.

　　D) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is happening.

　　5. In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ________.

　　A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention.

　　B) how the loudness of TV ads is overcome.

　　C) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads.

　　D) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads.

　　

Y茶^_^壶Y

Passage 3

　　I'm usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report which concluded that today's children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.

　　Why are America's kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation -- brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things -- and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.

　　Given that we can't turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope.

　　At the top of the list is nurturing ( 培育 ) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.

　　To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep.

　　Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It's not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.

　　Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.

　　Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn't have to ruin your life.

　　36. The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people's state of mind are______.

　　A) surprising B) confusing C) illogical D) questionable

　　37. What does the author mean when he says, "we can't turn the clock back" (Line 1, Para. 3)?

　　A) It's impossible to slow down the pace of change.

　　B) The social reality children are facing cannot be changed.

　　C) Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten.

　　D) It's impossible to forget the past.

　　38. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago____.

　　A) were less isolated physically

　　B) were probably less self-centered

　　C) probably suffered less from anxiety

　　D) were considered less individualistic

　　39. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ____.

　　A) to provide them with a safer environment

　　B) to lower their expectations for them

　　C) to get them more involved socially

　　D) to set a good model for them to follow

　　40. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

　　A) Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with.

　　B) Children's anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.

　　C) Children's anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care.

　　D) Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature.